以下是高顿网校为大家整理的：F4公司法与商法第十一章，希望对考生们有所帮助。
 
　　3  DAMAGES – Available only if the injured party has completed his contractual obligations
 
　　Doctrine of restitution
　　3.1 Aim is to place the innocent party (or claimant) in the same position as if the contract had been performed.
　　3.2 The intention is not punishment, but compensation. This reflects the fact that a breach of contract claim is on the basis that something should have been done, but wasn’t.
 
　　Remoteness of damages
　　3.3 (a) Damages are awarded to compensate for loss of bargain or to extent of contractual expectations. Some limit is placed on the nature and scope of loss recoverable.
　　Rule in Hadley v Baxendale make losses compensatable if:
　　(i) they arise naturally; and
　　(ii) they are within the reasonable contemplation of the parties at time of contract.
　　(b) See also: Victoria Laundry v Newman Industries
 
　　Measure of damages
　　3.4 (a) Assessed with reference to doctrine of restitution.
　　(b) One can only claim for actual loss suffered. Note however that nominal damages can be available.
　　(c) Non financial loss may be recoverable where contract is one for provision of enjoyment or peace of mind: Jarvis v Swan Tours. Also the courts may award damages for distress and loss of amenity where the cost of curing a defect is excessive: Ruxley Electronics v Forsyth.
　　(d) Claimant must take reasonable steps to mitigate loss: Payzu v Sanders.
　　(e) Penalty clauses in contract will not be upheld. The exception is where the clause is a genuine pre-estimate of loss: Dunlop v New Garage: Liquidated damages clauses.
 
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