Choice "D" is correct. Once the patent is established, legal costs to successfully defend the patent should be capitalized and amortized over the lesser of the patent's useful economic life or its legal life.
Choice "a" is incorrect. Amortization should be on a straight-line basis over the lesser of the patent's useful economic life or its legal life.
Choice "b" is incorrect. Research and development costs are expensed whether they are incurred internally or by contract with outside firms under U.S. GAAP.
Choice "c" is incorrect. Research and development costs are expensed when incurred under U.S. GAAP.