Choice "A" is correct. An organization's use of batch processing has no effect on unauthorized access to proprietary information. Batch processing is a processing methodology, not a security measure. Batch processing procedures include collection and grouping of input documents/transactions by type of transaction.
Choice "c" is incorrect. Password management is a method of preventing intrusion, since it regulates system access. Password management is the responsibility of the Security Administrator.
Choice "b" is incorrect. Data encryption is a method of preventing intrusion, since it uses a password or a digital key to scramble any readable data into a message unreadable to the intruder.
Choice "d" is incorrect. Digital certificates are forms of data security. They behave online in the same way driver's licenses, passports, and other trusted documents behave. Digital certificates are electronic documents, created and digitally signed by a trusted party that certifies the identity of the owners of a particular public key.