Markov process models are used to study systems and changes that take place in the systems during repeated trials. The information is used to make decisions because it can help determine the probabilities for the occudrrence of certain events. For instance, one type of Markov analysis is used to determine the probability of something happening again tomorrow if the same thing happened today. It might be used to determine the probability that a machine that is functioning in the current period will continue to function in the next period or whether it will break down.
Learning curve analysis would be used to estimate the direct labor hours required for the special order because it captures the decline in direct labor hours required that would occur each time the cumulative quantity of units produced doubles.
Linear programming can be used to allocate a scarce resource in a system in which there are constraints such as limited quantities of some input, with the goal of either maximizing or minimizing some quantity without violating the constraints.
Cost-volume-profit analysis is used for short-run decision-making by firms to determine what products rthey will supply and the amount they will supply at a given price and cost.
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