Choice "D" is correct. Analytical procedures involve comparison of recorded amounts, or ratios developed from recorded amounts, to expectations developed by the auditor. Projecting an error rate from a statistical sample does not involve such a comparison.
Choice "c" is incorrect. An analytical procedure involves comparison of an independently developed expectation to a recorded amount. Comparing an estimate of payroll expense (developed by multiplying the number of employees by the average hourly rate and the total hours worked) to the recorded expense is an analytical procedure.
Choice "b" is incorrect. An analytical procedure involves comparison of an independently developed expectation to a recorded amount. Ratio analysis is often performed in order to compare recorded results to industry norms or to past performance, and therefore calculation of accounts receivable turnover is likely to be an analytical procedure.
Choice "a" is incorrect. An analytical procedure involves comparison of an independently developed expectation to a recorded amount. Comparing an estimate of sales (developed based on a trend analysis) to the recorded amount is an analytical procedure.