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| Company Ais an accountancy professional body which has a tall structure anda high level of centralisation. The spanof control is very narrow. Subordinateshave minimal latitude for self-determination or to influence decision-makingand mainly concentrate on carrying out highly prescribed and defined roles. Company Bis a financial services company which gives a wide ranging role toits traders and promotes cultural valuessuch as assertiveness, risk appetite,and encourages a high degree of competition between employees. Theemployeesare usually young and unmarried, and work and socialise togetherfor long hours at a frenetic pace. Company Cis a research and development company where the business isdivisionalised by product. Staff work veryflexibly and often need tocommunicate laterally to achieve objectives through ad hoc projects andcollaboration. Thereare no formal rules about reporting structures, or about setstarting or finishing times. Staff are rewarded on the basisof creativity andinnovation. Company Dis a family company which is highly controlled by the owners andthe CEO is the main shareholder. Thereis a very low staff turnover, butemployees are expected to be very loyal to the company and are often requiredtowork long hours and carry out tasks outside their normal range of duties.Relationships between employees andmanagers are very informal and closeand the rights of employees and their overall interests are strongly defended bythe owners when challenged. The following are dimensions used by Hofstede to classify types oforganisational culture:
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