登录之后可查看解析

This implies that information is dictated. With four levels of involvement before top management accepts a number, the approach described is more participative.
An engineering approach focuses on the technical standards required for production. Here we also have input from the accountants and line managers as well, making it a little more all encompassing than a traditional engineering approach.
Communication, bargaining, and interaction involve multiple levels and multiple departments in the development of standards. This makes it more probable that every aspect of the final standards have been well thought out and reviewed by all parties concerned. This characterizes a team development approach.
This is incorrect as there exists a considerable amount of communication and negotiation before senior management accepts the standards in this situation.